Barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) are small migratory songbirds found across Canada during the spring and summer months. They are known for their distinctive forked tails and glossy blue-black feathers on their backs and wings. Barn swallows build cup-shaped mud nests on vertical surfaces like barns, sheds, and under bridges. These acrobatic flyers swoop and dart through the skies feeding on flying insects. Barn swallows are an iconic sight on rural farms and a harbinger of spring’s arrival across Canada.
Are barn swallows protected in Canada?
Yes, barn swallows are protected across Canada under the Migratory Birds Convention Act (MBCA). The MBCA provides protections for migratory bird species that breed in Canada and the United States, including barn swallows. Under the MBCA, it is illegal to harm, kill, capture, possess, buy, sell, or harass barn swallows, their eggs, or nests. Only specific exceptions and permits allow activities like scientific research that may impact barn swallows.
Key protections for barn swallows under the MBCA
- It is illegal to intentionally kill or hunt barn swallows.
- Nest destruction is prohibited during nesting season from April – August.
- Harassment of barn swallows including distressing or scaring them is not allowed.
- Possession of barn swallow bodies, eggs, or nests is restricted.
- Only specific permits allow capture or banding of barn swallows for research.
- Toxic pesticides or poisons cannot be used if harmful to barn swallows.
These protections mean it is illegal for any person to knowingly harm or disturb barn swallows without authorization in Canada. Barn swallow nests are especially protected while active and cannot be removed during nesting season. However, exceptions and permits do allow certain exemptions for activities like construction, health and safety issues, or scientific research.
Fines and penalties for violating MBCA barn swallow protections
There are significant fines and penalties for violating the Migratory Birds Convention Act protections for barn swallows in Canada. Individuals can face:
- Up to $1 million CAD in fines for individuals.
- Up to $1 million CAD in fines for corporations.
- Up to 3 years imprisonment for individuals.
Depending on severity, violations are prosecuted as summary conviction or indictable offences under the MBCA. Indictable offences have more severe penalties up to the maximum fines and jail time. Those who violate barn swallow protections may also face forfeiture of equipment used in the violation. The MBCA is enforced by Environment and Climate Change Canada wildlife officers who can investigate reports of violations.
When can barn swallow nests be removed in Canada?
Barn swallow nests are protected while active and cannot be removed during nesting season under the Migratory Birds Convention Act. However, active nests can be removed if you get a permit or if health and safety is threatened.
Nesting season
The nesting season during which barn swallow nests cannot be disturbed is generally considered to be from April 1 to August 31 across Canada. This corresponds to when barn swallows return from migration, breed, and raise their young. Different regions have specific nesting time frames:
Region | Nesting Season |
---|---|
British Columbia | April 1 – August 22 |
Alberta | May 1 – August 25 |
Saskatchewan | April 25 – September 1 |
Manitoba | May 1 – September 10 |
Ontario | April 15 – September 1 |
Quebec | May 1 – August 15 |
Atlantic Canada | May 1 – August 31 |
During nesting season, it is illegal to damage or destroy active barn swallow nests with eggs or young without a permit.
Removal permits
In some cases, a permit can be obtained from Environment and Climate Change Canada to remove an active barn swallow nest during nesting season if there is no other solution. This may occur if:
- Barn swallows nest on structures that must undergo maintenance, construction, or demolition.
- Nests compromise health and safety such as nests near equipment or walkways.
- Swallows nest in areas that must remain sterile like operating rooms.
The permit application requires explaining why nests must be removed and proof that prevention measures did not work. Non-lethal removal methods must be used. Permits are only granted if actions are in the public interest and have no adverse effects on barn swallow populations.
Health and safety hazard removal
Active barn swallow nests can also be removed or repaired without a permit if they pose a health or safety hazard. This may include nests:
- Blocking airflow, ventilation, or ductwork.
- On top of doorways that prevent entry or exit.
- Near electrical or mechanical equipment.
- At risk of falling and harming people below.
Nests must be a direct hazard or violation of health and safety codes to qualify for removal without a permit. Non-lethal prevention and removal methods should still be used when possible without endangering people.
Preventing barn swallow nesting on buildings
Property owners often want to discourage barn swallow nesting on buildings and structures. While nest removal is restricted during nesting season, there are legal methods to prevent and deter barn swallow nesting in Canada.
Physical exclusion
Installing physical barriers is an effective way to prevent barn swallows from accessing suitable nesting spots. Methods include:
- Metal pigeon spikes or wire to block perching.
- Netting over eaves, patios, and other flat areas.
- Closing off openings to prevent access.
- Angled boards or sheets to prevent mud sticking.
Physical exclusion should be installed before the nesting season begins. For best results, maintain barriers regularly to keep swallows away.
Repellent gels
Repellent gels designed for birds can discourage barn swallow nesting. These non-toxic gels have mild discomforting agents and make surfaces sticky or slippery. Common commercial gels include:
- Bird-X Transparent Bird Gel
- Bird B Gone Methyl Anthranilate Gel
- Avian Control Bird Repellent Gel
Apply gel products evenly to potential nesting surfaces. Reapply as needed after rainfall. Effectiveness varies based on product and swallow persistence.
Altering habitat suitability
Barn swallows prefer nesting on easily accessible vertical surfaces at building sites with open flying space and insect prey. Habitat modification involves altering areas to become less ideal nesting spots:
- Removing overhanging beams or external rafters.
- Planting trees/vegetation to discourage open flying room.
- Removing exterior lights that attract swarming insects.
- Reducing external water sources that attract flying insects.
While not foolproof, these habitat modifications can help discourage barn swallow colonies over time. Be sure to take actions before nesting season when swallows first return.
Creating alternative nesting sites for barn swallows
Rather than excluding barn swallows from buildings, another option is to provide alternative nesting sites nearby. By giving barn swallows acceptable nesting options, they may avoid conflicts with structures. Possible alternative nesting sites include:
Artificial nest cups/shelves
Specially designed artificial mud nest cups and shelves can be installed to attract barn swallows to preferred locations. These provide ideal nesting surfaces tailored to barn swallow preferences. Place shelves on buildings, fences, or poles in open areas at 10 to 30 feet high facing sunrise.
Modified habitat areas
Creating a more swallow-friendly area with ideal conditions near buildings may draw nesting away from structures. Ensure the space has:
- Vertical mud surfaces for nest attachment.
- Aerial perches like wires or branches.
- Open flying room and raised elevation.
- Water source to attract insect prey.
Consider adding features like a small pond, exposed mud banks, or elevated perches to encourage swallows to nest in the designated habitat zone.
Standalone nest structures
Standalone nest box structures provide alternative nesting sites for barn swallows. Pole-mounted or freestanding nest box designs include:
- SparrowCI swallow nesting box
- AVA swallow nesting gourds
- Easy Houses swallow nesting shelf
- Handmade nest box replicas
Place structures where barn swallows currently attempt to nest or within existing colonies. Ensure boxes meet barn swallow requirements like: interior rough surfaces, adequate ventilation and drainage, predator guards, and 7 to 12 inch interior diameter.
Bird management for property managers
For property managers dealing with swallow nesting issues on buildings, a comprehensive bird management plan is recommended. This involves an integrated approach combining several techniques.
Prevention
- Assess site to identify problem areas suited for nesting.
- Install physical barriers like netting before nesting season.
- Use repellent gels on potential nesting spots as needed.
- Modify habitat by reducing attractants.
- Provide alternative nesting sites away from buildings.
Monitoring
- Train staff to regularly check for new nests during nesting season.
- Keep records to identify nesting hotspots for future prevention.
- Ensure any nest removals follow legal protocols.
- Work with swallow specialists to identify nesting areas.
Adaptation
- Improve nesting deterrents in problem areas based on monitoring.
- Apply for permits to remove nests if necessary.
- Continue modifying habitat and access points to reduce nesting.
- Balance deterrents with alternative nests sites to support coexistence.
An adaptive, preventative long-term plan tailored to the site and situation gives the best chance of properly managing barn swallow nesting conflicts.
Why are barn swallows protected in Canada?
There are several reasons barn swallows are protected and their nests cannot be harmed or removed during nesting season in Canada:
Population declines
Barn swallow populations have declined significantly since the 1960s, with losses of up to 75% in some areas. Protections aim to stabilize populations.
Insect control
Barn swallows are insectivores that eat flies, mosquitoes, beetles, and more. They help control insects naturally.
Ecosystem services
Barn swallows contribute to ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling, seed dispersal, and pollination support.
Cultural value
Barn swallows have scenic, recreational, and cultural symbolism to many groups across North America.
Migratory ranges
Barn swallows migrate thousands of miles between Canada, the US, Mexico, Central and South America. Protecting them across political boundaries is important.
Prevention of cruelty
Preventing harm and harassment of barn swallows reflects ethics of cruelty prevention towards wildlife.
Compliance with agreements
The Migratory Birds Convention maintains protections between Canada and the US as part of an international agreement.
Ensuring barn swallows can nest safely each breeding season supports population health and balance across many ecosystems.
Canada’s Migratory Birds Convention Act
The Migratory Birds Convention Act is the key legislation protecting barn swallows in Canada. Here are some key facts about the MBCA:
- Originally passed in 1917 to meet treaty with the US.
- Protections expanded in 1994.
- Prohibits harming over 350 migratory bird species.
- Sets bag limits and hunting seasons for game birds.
- Regulates bird banding and scientific research.
- Applies to individuals and corporations.
- Administered and enforced by Environment Canada.
- Fines up to $1 million and/or 3 years jail time.
Beyond barn swallows, the MBCA provides blanket protections for most bird species native to Canada. It is one of the most important wildlife laws protecting migratory birds that travel across North America.
Working cooperatively with barn swallows
When barn swallows and people clash over nesting, cooperation and coexistence are the ideal solutions. Here are tips for working positively with barn swallows that nest in your area:
Value their presence
Appreciate the aesthetic and ecological roles of barn swallows in controlling insects, pollinating plants, dispersing seeds, and more.
Avoid disturbing nests
Prevent unnecessary harm by not tampering with nests and maintaining distance during breeding season.
Find mutual solutions
Look for win-win compromises like alternative sites that allow swallows to nest successfully away from conflict areas.
Follow nest protections
Carefully adhere to the Migratory Birds Convention Act regulations and processes regarding nests.
Use deterrents ethically
Implement humane and non-toxic methods to dissuade nesting in problematic spots.
Focus on coexistence
Strive to find ways for people and barn swallows to harmoniously share spaces despite challenges.
With collaborative goodwill, barn swallows and property owners can find positive ways to coincide safely and productively.
Conclusion
Barn swallows are protected migratory songbirds under Canada’s Migratory Birds Convention Act. It is illegal to disturb or destroy barn swallow nests during nesting season without authorization. Property managers dealing with issues from barn swallow nesting on buildings have options like deterrents, prevention barriers, nest relocation, and creating alternative sites. With proper strategies, swallows can successfully nest and breed while preventing conflicts with humans. Finding mutually agreeable solutions allows for the conservation of barn swallow populations and enjoyment of their presence across Canada.